“The necessity for rational critique was increasingly felt in the tenth century, when the idea of a double truth became widespread: one for internal use and the other to be upheld outside the group; the old critical method was no longer sufficient, because it was known that a witness could lie.”

“The necessity for rational critique was increasingly felt in the tenth century, when the idea of a double truth became widespread: one for internal use and the other to be upheld outside the group; the old critical method was no longer sufficient, because it was known that a witness could lie.”

— Abdallah Laroui